7
raham mohtashami
Abstract
In most arid and semi-arid areas, water limitations are one of the main reasons for the reduced plant growth and yield under irrigation and dry land (rainfed) conditions. The aim of this study was to compare the morphophysiological responses of rapeseed cultivars to supplementary irrigation and dryland ...
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In most arid and semi-arid areas, water limitations are one of the main reasons for the reduced plant growth and yield under irrigation and dry land (rainfed) conditions. The aim of this study was to compare the morphophysiological responses of rapeseed cultivars to supplementary irrigation and dryland conditions. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out as a split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2017-2018 in the Gachsaran Agricultural Research Station. Irrigation treatments were at four levels (no irrigation=I0, supplementary irrigation at flowering stage=I1, supplementary irrigation at grain filling stage=I2, and supplementary irrigation at flowering stage+ grain filling=I3) in the main plot, and cultivars Hayola 401, R. J. S, and Shirali as factorial in the sub-plots. The results showed that supplementary irrigation increased plant height, number of sub-branches per plant, 1000- grain weight, grain yield, and oil percentage compared to rainfed conditions. With supplementary irrigation, the weight of 1000 grains increased by 32% compared to rainfed. Grain yield increased from 755 in rainfed conditions to 2350 kg.ha-1 with two supplementary irrigations. With two supplementary irrigations, the oil content increased by 11.8% compared to the rainfed conditions. In all irrigation treatments, grain yield and oil content of Hayola 401 were higher than R. J. S and Shirali cultivars. In general, supplementary irrigation improved morphophysiological traits, yield, and percentage of grain oil. In rainfed rapeseed cultivation, with supplemental irrigations at flowering and grain filling, water productivity increased from 0.21 to 0.53 kg m-3 grain yield from 755 to 2350 kg ha-1 and oil percentage from 35.4 to 36.9.
7
Solmaz Mokarram; Javad Behmanesh; Vahid Rezaverdinejad
Abstract
Biochar as a porous material is rich in biological carbon in a stable form. Its structure is capable to store water and nutrients. Therefore, it is used for retention of such materials, especially in sandy soils. Biochar can improve water productivity in the agricultural sector in drought stress condition ...
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Biochar as a porous material is rich in biological carbon in a stable form. Its structure is capable to store water and nutrients. Therefore, it is used for retention of such materials, especially in sandy soils. Biochar can improve water productivity in the agricultural sector in drought stress condition to achieve food security in the world. In order to study the effect of deficit irrigation and biochar on yield of coriander in a coarse-grained soil under water stress, this research was conducted using a factorial manner and a completely randomized design in the research greenhouse of Urmia University. The experimental treatments included three levels of irrigation: 100%, 75%, and 50% of the plant water requirement, and three levels of biochar application: 0, 2.5%, and 5% of the weight of each pot, which totally included 27 treatments. Irrigation was applied on the basis of plant requirement and soil water content below field capacity and the applied water was measured during the growing season. For each pot, quantitative parameters including weights of dry and wet plant, stem, leaf, and root were accurately measured. The results showed that the effects of irrigation levels and biochar on some measured parameters were significant at the probability level of 1% and 5%. The results demonstrate that by applying deficit irrigation, the measured quantitative parameters and plant yield decreased. The highest value of the parameters was obtained from the treatment of 100% water requirement and use of biochar up to the level of 2.5% of the soil. Therefore, applying suitable amount of the biochar as soil amendment improves coriander plant's growth and yield.
7
Reza Saeidi; Mohamad Mahdi Zarrabi; Davood Babaei
Abstract
In this research, the effect of irrigation water salinity and salicylic acid spraying were investigated on the yield of shallot (Qazvin local variety). Water salinity treatments at four levels of 2(S1), 4(S2), 6(S3), and 8(S4) dS.m-1 and salicylic acid at four concentrations of 0(A1), 0.5(A2), 1(A3) ...
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In this research, the effect of irrigation water salinity and salicylic acid spraying were investigated on the yield of shallot (Qazvin local variety). Water salinity treatments at four levels of 2(S1), 4(S2), 6(S3), and 8(S4) dS.m-1 and salicylic acid at four concentrations of 0(A1), 0.5(A2), 1(A3) and 2(A4) mM were applied in the greenhouse. The experiment was performed as factorial and in a completely randomized design, with three replications. Soil moisture was measured daily, and irrigation scheduling was done based on it. Results showed that salinity stress reduced crop water uptake and shallot tuber weight. Salicylic acid application improved crop water status and increased tubers weight under salinity stress. A4 treatment was the ideal concentration for maximum yield. Application of 2 mM salicylic acid at salinity levels of S1, S2, S3, and S4 increased tubers yield by 11.6%, 32%, 40% and 91%, respectively, compared to the control (A1). The response of dry yield to evapotranspiration showed that by increasing salinity stress, percentage of yield decreased more than the percentage of evapotranspiration. Use of salicylic acid decreased dry yield sensitivity to salinity stress, such that from treatment S1 to S4 yield response coefficients (Ky) were between 1.01- 1.62 (in A1 treatment), 0.93- 1.3 (A2), 0.48- 1.09 (A3) and 0.31- 0.97 (A4). The effect of salicylic acid on water productivity were calculated between 2.13- 1.14 (in A1), 2.15- 1.68 (A2), 2.26- 2 (A3), and 2.38- 2.19 kg.m-3 (A4). In conditions of using saline water for crop irrigation, application of salicylic acid will increase water productivity. Based on the experiment results and in conditions of lack of high-quality water for irrigation, salicylic acid spraying on crops will be a suitable method to reduce the harmful effects of salinity stress.
7
Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Masoud Pourgholam-Amiji
Abstract
Searching for ways to reduce consumption and preserve water resources is of great importance. Using magnetized water may be effective in this regard. In this research, the effect of water stress using magnetized water on the yield and yield components of strawberry plants was investigated. The factorial ...
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Searching for ways to reduce consumption and preserve water resources is of great importance. Using magnetized water may be effective in this regard. In this research, the effect of water stress using magnetized water on the yield and yield components of strawberry plants was investigated. The factorial experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications in 2021 and 2022 in Neka Region. The main factor included the type of irrigation water (Non-Magnetized Water (W1) and Magnetized Water (W2)) and the secondary factor included the level of irrigation in three levels (100% FI: Flood irrigation =I1, 80%FI =I2, and 60%FI =I3). The results showed that the effect of irrigation water type and irrigation level on the number of fruits per plant, length, diameter and weight of fruit, biomass, and plant yield and water productivity was significant (p< 1%). On average, by application of magnetized water, the number of fruits per plant, length, diameter and fruit weight, biomass, plant yield, and water productivity were increased by 15.1%, 16.6%, 18%, 20/2%, 23%, 16.8%, and 11.7%, respectively. By reducing the amount of irrigation water, the appearance characteristics of strawberry fruit and yield decreased, but the water productivity increased. The biggest decrease was related to the number of fruits per plant at the irrigation level of 60%, which decreased by 42.72% compared to the control treatment. In conclusion, use of magnetized water technology and deficit irrigation improved strawberry yield.
6
ali mokhtaran; Peyman Varjavand; Hossein Dehghanisanij; Shokrola Absalan; Azarakhsh Azizi; Alireza Jafarnejadi
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare and monitor drip and surface irrigation systems for corn and wheat crops in three planting seasons from summer 2016 to spring 2018 in one of the agricultural research stations in Khuzestan, located in Ahvaz. The source of irrigation water was Karun River with salinity ...
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This study was conducted to compare and monitor drip and surface irrigation systems for corn and wheat crops in three planting seasons from summer 2016 to spring 2018 in one of the agricultural research stations in Khuzestan, located in Ahvaz. The source of irrigation water was Karun River with salinity of 3 dS/m in Ahvaz section. This study was performed using randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The basis of blocking in corn cultivation was 2 and 4 days irrigation intervals, and in wheat cultivation, the distances between drip lines were 40, 60, and 75 cm. The results showed that the volume of water used in the drip system for corn and wheat was 24% and 32% lower than the surface irrigation system, respectively. Also, water productivity in the drip system was higher than surface irrigation system by 16% and 21%, for corn forage and grain, respectively, and by 35% for wheat. Wheat water productivity for different distances of drip lines was not significantly different. Therefore, in heavy-textured soils, drip irrigation lines at 75 cm spacing can be used for wheat cultivation. In soil monitoring analysis, the drip system reduced soil quality such that, after three planting seasons, the initial non-saline-sodic soil (ECe = 3.09dS / m, ESP = 6.18%) became saline (ECe = 7.63dS / m, ESP = 12.63%). Despite accumulation of salts at the periphery of the wetted soil under the drippers, the plants had a better growth and yield in the drip system than the surface irrigation, because of the high soil water potential around the roots and under the drippers, which reduced salt effects. The results of this study showed that if a drip system is used for the climate similar to the central and southern regions of Khuzestan, land drainage and leaching operations at the end of the growing season are necessary to protect the soil.
2
mohammad amin khandan barani; Peyman Afrasiab; mehdi akbari; Masoomeh Delbari
Abstract
In this research, the status of water productivity for wheat production and strategies to increase water productivity in different quantitative conditions of water was determined and analyzed in the irrigation district of Sistan Dam. In this regard, the SWAP simulation model was calibrated and validated ...
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In this research, the status of water productivity for wheat production and strategies to increase water productivity in different quantitative conditions of water was determined and analyzed in the irrigation district of Sistan Dam. In this regard, the SWAP simulation model was calibrated and validated by considering the current water resources operation, various quantities of irrigation water, and use of field information. Water production functions were used to determine the irrigation schedule (time and depth) for wheat crop. The results of field measurements in the crop year 2016-2017 in the irrigation district showed that farmers irrigate wheat on average four times in the current conditions. Farmers' average crop yield and water productivity were about 1450 kg/ha and 0.41 kg/m3, respectively. These results show that available water is not appropriately used and should be addressed with practical solutions to improve water productivity. The validation and calibration results of the SWAP model also showed the high accuracy of the model in the case study. The results of different management scenarios of eliminating some irrigation shifts compared to the existing conditions indicated that, although there was no significant difference in water productivity, crop yield decreases about 37%. The results of evaluating the scenarios of reducing the depth and frequency of irrigation (using 640 mm per season and applying 40 mm at each shift) showed that, with reliable and timely water supply and more frequent irrigation, water productivity could be increased by 30% compared to the baseline scenario; and crop yield can be doubled. In these scenarios, the presence of adequate moisture in the plant's root zone increases the yield, and the amount of deep percolation is greatly reduced. The amount of water used by farmers is excessive for various reasons. Therefore, it is recommended to train farmers on how to improve irrigation and crop management according to the water available in the irrigation district, so that they can distribute water according to the real needs of the plant and irrigate at the right time and sufficient quantity.
Mohammad Hassanli; Peyman Afrasiab; Mahmoud Sabuhi; Hamed Ebrahimian
Abstract
The economic value of water is one of the most important factors for allocating water among various consumptions and encouraging users to take necessary actions to increase investments related to improving water productivity. There are several methods for economic valuation of water. In this study, due ...
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The economic value of water is one of the most important factors for allocating water among various consumptions and encouraging users to take necessary actions to increase investments related to improving water productivity. There are several methods for economic valuation of water. In this study, due to the key role of water in irrigation of agricultural products, residual valuation method was used for agricultural wells in Varamin County, with a wide range of water salinity. The average economic values of water for cucurbits, wheat, barley, and alfalfa were 2513.1, 5334.5, 1933.0 and 5647.6 Iranian Rials per cubic meters (IRR.m-3), respectively. The exchange price of water among the farmers in the study area was calculated as 5231.8 IRR.m-3, which was close to the calculated residual value for wheat and alfalfa crops. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the relationship of economic value and salinity of irrigation water for the above crops was 0.806, 0.878, 0.865 and 0.702, respectively, which indicates that the main changes of economic value of water is related to salinity of water. According to the relationship between salinity and irrigation water value in the study area, the residual value of water was zero in the electrical conductivity of 3.61, 7.30, 6.05, and 8.24 dS.m-1 for cucurbits, wheat, barley, and alfalfa, respectively. As a result, the water pricing policy in the study area should be such that for water salinities higher than the mentioned values, the selling price of water is set lower than the current value, so that the farmers do not suffer losses. Another option is that choice of crop should be based on greater resistance to salinity and its economic value.
Meysam Abedinpour; hadi dehghan; mahdi mokari; hadi Memarian
Abstract
This study was conducted to simulate water balance components at field scale, predict soil moisture profile, and grain yield in irrigated wheat fields in Neyshabur plain. In this regard, three farms were selected in different parts of the plain. AquaCrop input data including air, soil, and crop parameters ...
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This study was conducted to simulate water balance components at field scale, predict soil moisture profile, and grain yield in irrigated wheat fields in Neyshabur plain. In this regard, three farms were selected in different parts of the plain. AquaCrop input data including air, soil, and crop parameters were collected at each farm separately, then, the required model parameters and wheat crop data were calibrated. Root mean square error (RMSE), model efficiency (EF) and prediction error (Pe) were used to evaluate the model performance. The results of moisture simulation in soil profile showed that the model correctly simulated moisture content at different depths and times. The statistical parameters used for evaluating efficiency of the model at the calibration stage for simulating soil moisture in all farms were 0.027<RMSE<0.032, 0.80<EF<0.91, and 3.5<Pe<14%. These values at model validation stage were 0.025<RMSE<0.031, 0.82<EF<0.94, and 2.7<Pe<12%. The minimum and maximum percentages of model simulation error for grain yield and water productivity in all farms managed by the farmers were 4-8.8% and 4.6 to 9%, respectively. According to the results of the research, AquaCrop model can simulate soil moisture content, grain yield, and water productivity with acceptable accuracy under similar field conditions.
Fereshteh Moeinifar; Fayaz Aghayari; Hossein Babazadeh
Abstract
To study the effect of different drip irrigation regimes and superabsorbent materials on the fruit quantity and quality characteristics of Zahedi date palms, a field experiment was carried out in split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with three replications. Deficit irrigation ...
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To study the effect of different drip irrigation regimes and superabsorbent materials on the fruit quantity and quality characteristics of Zahedi date palms, a field experiment was carried out in split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with three replications. Deficit irrigation treatments with three levels including 100%, 75%, and 50 percent crop water requirement based on the Ntional Water Document were in the main plots and superabsorbent treatments with three levels including without superabsorbent (control), use of Aquazorb superabsorbent (300 g per date palm), and use of Zeolit superabsorbent (4 kg per date palm) were in the sub plots. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of deficit irrigation on fruit weight, fruit length, water productivity, and potassium, and the effect of superabsorbent materials on fruit length, potassiom and total sugar was significant at 1% level. Also, intraction effects of deficit irrigation and superabsorbent materials on fruit weight and potassium content (at p<1%) and on the fruit length (at p< 5%) was significant. Use of superabsorbent materials in condition of irrigation with 100% crop water requirement did not have a positive effect on the quantity and quality characteristics of date fruit. But, under irrigation with 75% and 50% crop water requirement, superabsorbents significantly improved some quality characteristics of the fruit. Water productivity with 75% crop water requirement increased by 29.4% as compared with the 100% treatment, and use of Aquazorb and Zeolit superabsorbents increased water productivity (14.5% and 17.7 percent, respectively) as compared with the control. In general, irrigation with 75% crop water requirement (with consumption of 8052 m3 ha-1) and use of Zeolit superabsorbent for date palms (Zahedi cultivar) is suggested for Ghasreshirin area.
edris morsali; nader heydari; Abbas Zare; Hamidreza Hatami
Abstract
Infrastructure factors provide the main basis for agricultural production and activity under conditions of limited water resources and are considered as strategic requirement for improving this sector. The aim of this research was recognition, determination of importance and level of effectiveness, and ...
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Infrastructure factors provide the main basis for agricultural production and activity under conditions of limited water resources and are considered as strategic requirement for improving this sector. The aim of this research was recognition, determination of importance and level of effectiveness, and investigating the relation of infrastructural components and indicators in improving agricultural water productivity. The method used for this research was field surveying type in which, after documentary and library studies, a self-made questionnaire was developed for interview with professionals and practitioners to gather their opinion on the importance level of different indicators using a Likert Scale, followed by analysis of questions and assumptions. The research indicated the relation and effectiveness level of variables by means of structural equation modeling and Smart PLS software. According to the obtained results, emphasis of infrastructures were on the side of agricultural water supply, while lack of demand oriented approach, process, systematic, and holistic view were among the main problems of the infrastructures. Also, components such as “downstream instrumentation of the fields and wells with water measurement devices and controlling irrigation water” and “share of downstream farms equipped with systems for lowering water consumption out of the total cultivated area” were among the most effective factors. It was shown that by taking other variables as constant, agricultural water infrastructures have been effective (about 87.6%) on improvement of agricultural water productivity, and there is a positive and meaningful relation between each one of the components and related indicators.
halime piri
Abstract
In order to study the effects of different levels of irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer, and irrigation methods on yield and yield components of onions, a factorial split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications for two years at a research farm in ...
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In order to study the effects of different levels of irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer, and irrigation methods on yield and yield components of onions, a factorial split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications for two years at a research farm in Zahak, Iran. Fertilizer treatments were included four levels of nitrogen fertilizer of from urea fertilizer (130, 97.5, 65 and 32.5 kg/ha). Onion seedlings were planted in 2014 and 2015 and irrigation was carried out in the form of surface gravity irrigation, surface drip irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation. The highest yield and water productivity were obtained in the subsurface drip irrigation system (28.42 ton/ha and 5.9 kg/m3/ha) and the least in surface irrigation (19 ton/ha and 33.3 kg/m3/ha). Reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer to less than plant requirement reduced the yield of bulbs and the efficiency of onions. The highest yield and water productivity were observed in 100% nitrogen application (31.59 ton/ha and 4.75 kg/m3/ha) and the lowest was in 25% nitrogen fertilizer treatment (16.12 ton/ha and 2.67 kg/m3/ha).The effect of irrigation water on the yield of onion tubers and its efficiency showed that decreasing the depth of irrigation water to values lower than the water requirement of the plant decreases yield and efficiency, but, no significant effect was observed between treatments 100% and 75% of the plant water requirement. Therefore, according to the results, due to the lack of water in the region, irrigation of this plant can be done with 75% of the plant water requirement, without a significant effect on the yield. Also, due to the high production potential in subsurface drip irrigation and reduction of evapotranspiration, this irrigation method could be used for onions in the region. The best treatment for nitrogen fertilizer use is the 100% nitrogen fertilizer requirement, especially in water tension. Considering the contamination of subsurface waters due to the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers and the prevention of nitrate accumulation in the bulbs, it seems that using drip irrigation improves nitrogen fertilizer management.
Mahnoosh Jenab; Bijan Nazari
Abstract
Improvement of water productivity is very essential for achieving water and food security. One of the basic strategies in this field is determination of crop yield gap and water productivity gap, which is the difference between the present actual situation and the potential situation. This research was ...
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Improvement of water productivity is very essential for achieving water and food security. One of the basic strategies in this field is determination of crop yield gap and water productivity gap, which is the difference between the present actual situation and the potential situation. This research was carried out for wheat in Qazvin province according to GYGA protocols, which is an international methodology. At first, the map of climatic zones of the province was prepared based on Emberger method by using GIS. Then potential yield gap of wheat was estimated according to calibration and simulation of version 5 of Aqua crop model. Results showed that yield gap in various climate zones of the province was between 4502-6271 kg/ha, evapotranspiration water productivity gap was between 0.56-0.66 kg/m3 and water (irrigation and effective rain) productivity gap was between 0.57-0.71 kg/m3. Results showed that actual wheat yield in Qazvin province is 37 percent of the potential yield. Also, relative evapotranspiration water productivity index was 0.47 and relative water productivity index was 0.31. These indices show the ratio of the actual to potential productivities. Based on this research results, the extent of gap between optimum and current condition of yield and water productivity is very wide. Yield gap is 63% of potential yield and water productivity gap is 69% of potential water productivity. This issue represents the considerable weakness existing in management of agricultural production and irrigation and reflects the potential opportunities for strengthening these operation, improving water productivity, decreasing the pressure on water resources, and increasing food security.
aliasghar aghabeigi; Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi; mahmoud raeini; mohammadreza yazdani
Abstract
Rice is the second most important staple food after wheat in the world, and Iran has an annual production of 2 M tons. Due to water scarcity problems and high water consumption in paddy fields and the need to increase irrigation water productivity, a lot of paddy fields are consolidated in the Northern ...
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Rice is the second most important staple food after wheat in the world, and Iran has an annual production of 2 M tons. Due to water scarcity problems and high water consumption in paddy fields and the need to increase irrigation water productivity, a lot of paddy fields are consolidated in the Northern provinces of Iran every year. In consolidation projects, soil is displaced by leveling practice, and then the content of soil chemical elements will be changed. This study was aimed to investigate the role of consolidation projects in paddy fields on soil and drainage water quality. The research was conducted in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh in Guilan Province on traditional and consolidated paddy fields in 3 situations (upland, middle land, and lowland) with 5 replication, in 2016. The soil and outlet/drainage water chemical properties were analyzed based on split plot design with Tucke’s mean analysis method. The soil physical and chemical characteristics results showed that the amount of SAR, Cl, NO 3 and SO 4 in consolidated fields were significantly different than that in traditional fields. The amount of SP and OC of soil in consolidated fields were, respectively, 22% and 11%, more than that in traditional fields, and available potassium was 2% less than traditional farms. Also, the amount of SAR and Cl and NO 3 of outlet water in consolidated fields were, respectively, 14%, 23%, and 49%, more than that in traditional fields. All soil mineral components, other than clay, land had less uniformity in levelled lands than traditional lands. Uniform distribution of mineral components in levelled lands can be effective in improving irrigation and nutrition management of plants. In addition to infrastructural changes, the leveling of rice paddies also causes changes in physical and chemical conditions of the soil, as well as changes in the quality of drainage water, which should be considered in agricultural management and reuse of outlet drainage water in downstream farms.
hossin babazadeh; Ali Abdzad Gohari; Arash Khonok
Abstract
Proper and efficient use of water and fertilizers, in addition to increasing productivity, increase crop yield. In order to study the effects of drip irrigation management and nitrogen fertilizer levels on yield of peanut, an experimen was conducted in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, Guilan province, in 2012 and ...
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Proper and efficient use of water and fertilizers, in addition to increasing productivity, increase crop yield. In order to study the effects of drip irrigation management and nitrogen fertilizer levels on yield of peanut, an experimen was conducted in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, Guilan province, in 2012 and 2013 using split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot included water treatments consisting of no irrigation and application of 60%, 80%, and 100 percent water requirement. Sub plots included nitrogen fertilizer levels i.e. 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg.ha-1. The results showed that pod yield were similar in treatments of %80 and 100 percent crop water requirement corresponding to 2385 and 2452 kg.ha-1 in 2012. In 2013, the yields were, respectively, 2383 and 2448 kg.ha-1. The highest pod yield was obtained in 60 kg.N.ha-1 treatment in 2012 and 2013, amounting to, respectively, 2351 and 2667 kg.ha-1. Seed yields in 2012 and 2013 were obtained in 100 percent crop water requirement, with 1885 and 1877 kg.ha-1, respectively, which were significantly higher compared to the treatment without irrigation. In the fertilizer treatments, the average yield of 60 kg N.ha-1 in 2012 and 2013 was, respectively, 1829 and 2012 kg.ha-1. In water treatments, water productivity based on biomass yield varied between 1.03 and 1.68 kg.m-3 and, based on pod yield, it was observed between 0.37 and 0.63 kg.m-3, in 2012 and 2013. The water productivity values of seed yield in the 100% water requirement in the crop years 2012 and 2013 were 0.28 and 0.40 kg.m-3, respectively. Therefore, considering the results of yield and water productivity, management practice of 100% water requirement and 60 kg.N.ha-1 is the most appropriate method for peanut cultivation in the study area.
Abolmohsen Hajiamiri; Abolmohsen Hajiamiri
Abstract
Evaluation of fruit trees response to water is one of the important strategies in irrigation management. Current study was conducted in order to assess the response of five olive commercial cultivars to three levels of irrigation. The study was conducted in Olive Research Station, in Dallaho Kermanshah ...
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Evaluation of fruit trees response to water is one of the important strategies in irrigation management. Current study was conducted in order to assess the response of five olive commercial cultivars to three levels of irrigation. The study was conducted in Olive Research Station, in Dallaho Kermanshah province, for three years (2011-13). A split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used to apply the treatments. The main plots included the cultivars Conservalla, Amphisis, Manznilla ,Sivillano and Zard-e- ziton, while different levels of irrigation including 100%, 80% and 60% of water requirement were assigned to sub-plot were assigned to subplots.Potential evapotranspiration was estimated as 1158.8 mm year-1 during 2011-13 using ETo calculator software and daily climatic data. Water amount for olive trees in 100% water requirement level was determined as 5828.1 cubic meters per hectare. The results of this study showed that the effects of irrigation levels on some of the reproductive traits such as fruit yield, and fruit and meat weight were significant. Highest yield was obtained in Conservalla with 80% and 100% water demand and amounted to 17745 kg ha-1 and 17106 kg ha-1,respectively. Irrigation levels had no effect on oil content of the olive cultivars. The cultivars were very diverse in terms of traits, such that there was a significant difference in irrigation water productivity, fruit and meat weight, fruit length and diameter, kernel weight, dry matter, and oil content. Interaction between cultivars and irrigation levels was significant only in the case of irrigation water productivity. The results of this research showed that with increasing irrigation levels, productivity of irrigation water decreased. In the cultivar Conservalla at irrigation level of 60%, irrigation water productivity was 4.2 kg/m3 and at irrigation level of 100%, it was 2.9 kg/m3 . Conservative cultivar with average water use efficiency of 3.64 kg/m3 had the highest irrigation water productivity among the studied cultivars.
Nader Naderi; f a
Abstract
Qanat is one of the most surprising structures that is used for extraction of underground water in arid and semi-arid regions. There are 607 qanats in Semnan province, providing a total discharge of 93.5 million m3 of water per year. In this research, existing conditions and irrigation in agricultural ...
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Qanat is one of the most surprising structures that is used for extraction of underground water in arid and semi-arid regions. There are 607 qanats in Semnan province, providing a total discharge of 93.5 million m3 of water per year. In this research, existing conditions and irrigation in agricultural fields of 15 qanats of Semnan province were studied and some executive strategies were recommended to improve qanats’ performance. , quantity and quality changes of qanat water, application efficiency and water productivity downstream the studied qanats were evaluated. Results showed that insufficient credit, tunnel and wells collapsing due to lack of necessary construction and resistant covering, entrance of flood into qanats, numerous owners and rural migration were the most important reasons of discharge reduction and qanats destruction. Variations of EC and pH in qanats water were relatively low for a long period of time. Average of application efficiency in cultivated lands downstream the studied qanats was about 51.6%. Whereas it was 45.5% downstream the studied wells in the same regions. Average water productivity for various crops was 0.63 kg/m3. Establishment of strong groups to better partnership of owners in operation and maintenance of qanats, regular dredging, tunnel staining, well covering, tunnel tubing and fixing valve in qanat outlet, construction of qanat water reservoir and establishment of proportion between crops water requirement and amount of irrigation water in downstream lands of qanats are the most important practical strategies for improving qanats conditions.
Ali Ghadami Firouzabadi; m ch; seyed mohsen seyedan
Abstract
Optimal uses of water resources due to climate change and the recent drought conditions seem to be necessary. One of the most important and effective strategies is using the modern irrigation systems. Therefore, this experiment was conducted in Hamedan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research ...
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Optimal uses of water resources due to climate change and the recent drought conditions seem to be necessary. One of the most important and effective strategies is using the modern irrigation systems. Therefore, this experiment was conducted in Hamedan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center in a split plot arrangement based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. Main plots were irrigation systems (Sprinkler, Tape, and Furrow) and sub plots included wheat genotypes (Alvand, Toos, and two lines C-81-4 and CD-5009). In spite of different amounts of water used in the studied irrigation systems, results showed that grain yield of the evaluated genotypes did not have significant differences in different irrigation systems, although the difference between grain yield in the tape and the furrow irrigation system was around 1000 kg/ha. Also, differences among the evaluated genotypes were not significant. Water productivity in the tape, sprinkler, and furrow irrigation (regardless of effective rainfall), was 1.6, 1.1 and 0.69 kg per unit of water consumption, respectively. Water productivity in tape irrigation increased about 132% and 45 percent compared to furrow and sprinkler irrigation. Economic evaluation, however, showed that sprinkler and tape irrigation systems had economic justification for all of the evaluated genotypes in comparison with furrow irrigation. Besides, sprinkler irrigation had economic preferences in comparison to tape irrigation.
R M; nasim Izadi; R V
Abstract
The use of pressurized irrigation technologies that significantly reduce water use is highly recommended, due to drought conditions in the agricultural sector which has the country's highest rate of water use. Since the most important issue in technology development is the adoption of these technologies ...
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The use of pressurized irrigation technologies that significantly reduce water use is highly recommended, due to drought conditions in the agricultural sector which has the country's highest rate of water use. Since the most important issue in technology development is the adoption of these technologies by the stakeholders, this study attempted to examine the factors influencing the farmers’ adoption of pressurized irrigation. The research was done in four villages, namely, Ghochtapeh, Ahutapeh, Chenare Sofla, and Chenare Olya in Asadabad County. The research population was 90 farmers who were cultivating their farms under pressurized irrigation technology. Data of this study were collected through a questionnaire tool. Data processing was done through SPSS and AMOS software. The research findings showed that the variables including “perceived usefulness”, “perceived ease of use”, and “attitude to use” had a significant and positive impact on the decision to accept the use of pressurized irrigation systems. Finally, based on the research findings, it is recommended that more information should be prepared and awareness disseminated among farmers about pressurized irrigation systems through magazines, brochures, and other social media. Also, to promote adoption of the pressurized irrigation, some infrastructure and the required facilities for adoption should be provided for the farmers.
m sh; Hedayatollah Rahimi
Abstract
Tomato is one of the major agricultural products in Fars Province. Previous studies show that the tomato farms under current irrigation systems lose a large volume of water with low water productivity. In the present study, the irrigation requirement and the influence of different irrigation regimes ...
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Tomato is one of the major agricultural products in Fars Province. Previous studies show that the tomato farms under current irrigation systems lose a large volume of water with low water productivity. In the present study, the irrigation requirement and the influence of different irrigation regimes on the yield and water productivity of three cultivars of tomato was studied. The farm under study was located in Marvdasht plain, with a heavy soil texture. The irrigation water was applied based on 60%, 80%, 100%, and 120 percent of Penman Montieth water requirement method, under drip irrigation system. Another treatment was considered and irrigated by the farmer management. Benefit-cost ratio and benefit-cost difference was calculated for economic analysis. Results show that the obtained yield increased with irrigation water while water productivity decreased. The irrigation volumes of water used for the treatments were about 3900 to 7800 cubic meters per hectare. However, only the differences between the treatments 60% and 120% were statistically significant. Economic evaluations showed that the tomato production was not economical with tomato price equal to 2500 Rials, while the water price varies from zero to 6000 Rials. In this situation, the benefit-cost ratios varied from 0.78 to 0.68, respectively. Increase in price of tomato could improve the benefit-cost ratio.
p sh; e a; s r; m a
Abstract
Today, even in humid areas, the water crisis is a major problem for agriculture and increasing the efficiency of water use is also one of the requirements for sustainable development. Regarding this, the use of plant growth simulation models as a tool for managing water crisis seems useful. In this study, ...
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Today, even in humid areas, the water crisis is a major problem for agriculture and increasing the efficiency of water use is also one of the requirements for sustainable development. Regarding this, the use of plant growth simulation models as a tool for managing water crisis seems useful. In this study, WOFOST model to simulate the performance of two soybean cultivars (DPX and SEPIDEH) under deficit irrigation was used in the Gorgan region. Using the measured plant yield and simulated water balance components from the model, the average productivity of evapotranspiration (Wp < sub>ET), based on seed yield, was obtained as 0.72 kg m-3. With increasing water stress, water use efficiency based on irrigation and precipitation series (Wp < sub>I+R) and water use efficiency based on irrigation (Wp < sub>I) increased in both cultivars, but the DPX water use efficiency under drought stress was higher than the SEPIDEH cultivar. According to the results and accuracy of WOFOST model, index of relative root mean square errors of seed yield and total biomass in both cultivars was less than 10%, the index of the coefficient of residual mass (CRM) was close to zero, the performance factor (EF) was 0.89, the coefficient of determination (R2) equaled 0.93, and the index of Willmott agreement (IOA) was about 0.89. Overall, based on the findings of this study, favorable performance of the model to simulate the growth process and water impact on soybean seed yield and water efficiency is confirmed and cultivar DPX is recommended for cultivation in the Golestan province.
a s; p f; f h
Abstract
Drip irrigation is one of the effective ways to conserve water and increase wateruse efficiency (WUE). Despite the many benefits of drip irrigation system, asubstantial amount of irrigation water is wasted through evaporation from the soiland transpiration by weeds growing between the rows. Using mulch ...
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Drip irrigation is one of the effective ways to conserve water and increase wateruse efficiency (WUE). Despite the many benefits of drip irrigation system, asubstantial amount of irrigation water is wasted through evaporation from the soiland transpiration by weeds growing between the rows. Using mulch betweenplanting rows can maintain soil moisture, reduce evaporation from the soil andtranspiration from weeds, reduce irrigation water consumption, and increase cropyield. The purpose of this study was to evaluate irrigation depth and mulchingeffects on potato yield and water use efficiency in Dehgolan plain of KurdistanProvince. For this propose, a field experiment was conducted in the spring seasonof 2014, using a split plot scheme based on randomized complete blocks designwith three replications. The main plots and subplots included the amount ofirrigation water at four levels (60%, 80%, 100%, and 120% of the potato waterrequirement) and three mulch treatments (without mulch, straw mulch, and plasticmulch), respectively. Results showed that the effect of irrigation water and mulchon yield was significant (P<0.01). The maximum and minimum amounts of potatotuber yield were related to 120% and 60% water requirement, respectively. Theresults also showed that the effect of mulch on potato WUE was significant(P<0.01). The highest WUE (14.96 kg.m-3) was related to plastic mulch. It is to benoted that the use of plastic mulch compared to the biodegradable straw mulchwill lead to environmental problems.
Mahboubeh Aghajani; Maryam Navabian; Majid Vazifehdost; Mojtaba Rezaee
Abstract
In recent years, discharge of Sefidroud River, which is the main source of agricultural water in Guilan province, has been decreasing because of construction of several dams in the upstream of Sefidroud basin. The future of rice production will depend on appropriate management strategy for optimization ...
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In recent years, discharge of Sefidroud River, which is the main source of agricultural water in Guilan province, has been decreasing because of construction of several dams in the upstream of Sefidroud basin. The future of rice production will depend on appropriate management strategy for optimization of water consumption in the paddy fields. In this research, to maximize water productivity in paddy fields, two optimal models were selected for irrigation management as fixed interval irrigation in the entire growing season and variable interval irrigation in different physiological growth stages of Hashemi variety, using SWAP model and Genetic Algorithm (GA). After validation of SWAP model, the chosen values were optimized by GA. In the optimal models, irrigation water depths and rice irrigation intervals were selected as the decision variables in different crop growth stages. Periodic irrigation management with fixed interval i.e. 7.33 days during the growing season, showed the maximum efficiency of irrigation water. However, the optimal variable intervals were 6.53, 4.60, 4.31 and 7.74 days during establishment, tillering stage, maturity, and harvest respectively. Finally, for saving of water, improvement of irrigation water productivity, reduction of evapotranspiration, proper irrigation interval in Sefidroud irrigation network, and ease of measurement of inflow water volume, a fixed irrigation interval of 8 days and irrigation depth of 52, 30, 40 and 12 mm in, respectively, establishment stage, tillering, maturity, and harvest stages was recommended. The highest water productivity obtained was 1.59 kg/ m3.
H SADRGHEIN
Abstract
In Iran, limited water resources and high potential evaporation have led to limited planting of some corps like sugar beet that have long growing season and high water requirements. Sugar beet is a strategic crop planted in most provinces of Iran and its production is very important in agricultural and ...
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In Iran, limited water resources and high potential evaporation have led to limited planting of some corps like sugar beet that have long growing season and high water requirements. Sugar beet is a strategic crop planted in most provinces of Iran and its production is very important in agricultural and industrial aspects. Most of sugar beet farms are irrigated by surface irrigation methods, but the use of drip irrigation can be proposed and developed. This study was based on several researches (specially done in recent years) on using tape drip irrigation systems in sugar beet fields. Results showed that water use efficiency in drip tape irrigation was 1.7 times greater than furrow irrigation. Drip tape irrigation decreased water consumption by 37 - 60 percent. Sowing patterns with 50 x40 cm row spacing and placing each tape for two rows recommended which results in cost reduction of tapes and increased root yields. The increase of yields using tape drip irrigation systems was not significant, but increase of water use efficiency based on root yield and sugar contents was significant (p< 0.01). Water saving with tape systems in fall planting was about two times greater than spring planting. The water stress in root swelling stage was more effective in decreasing of root yield than other growth stages, so using of water stress must not applied by farmers in growth period. Finally, the applicable approach for develop of this system in sugar beet fields is presented.